Section 1: Introduction to the security industry
Welcome to the Security Guard Test Preparation Guide! This comprehensive resource is designed to equip you with the knowledge, skills, and confidence necessary to excel in the challenging field of security. Whether you’re aspiring to become a security guard or aiming to enhance your existing career, this guide will serve as a valuable companion on your journey.
Security guards play a crucial role in maintaining safety and protecting people, property, and assets. To ensure that security professionals are well-prepared for their responsibilities, many jurisdictions and security agencies require individuals to pass a standardized test as part of the hiring or certification process. This test evaluates candidates’ understanding of security principles, procedures, laws, and ethical considerations.
Security guards can use this exam preparation manual to help them get ready for the ministry’s required test. To ensure that security guards carry out their responsibilities in compliance with the Private Security and Investigate services Act, the guide will cover crucial areas that they should understand.
PSISA, the Security and Investigative Services Act of 2005, and its rules.
The topics covered correspond to the security guard training syllabus provided by the ministry.
Although it is intended to help applicants prepare for and write the test, the guide is not a training manual and cannot take the place of a formal training session.
Links to outside resources that may be of further use to you are provided at the conclusion of each part of this test preparation manual.
Purpose of the Guide:
The primary purpose of this guide is to assist you in preparing effectively for your security guard test. By delving into the essential topics covered in these examinations, we aim to help you develop a solid foundation of knowledge and improve your chances of success. This guide provides a structured approach to studying, practical tips, and valuable resources to enhance your test preparation.
Key Topics Covered:
1.Security Principles: Understand the fundamental concepts and theories related to security, including threat assessment, risk management, and emergency response procedures.
2.Legal and Ethical Considerations: Familiarize yourself with the laws, regulations, and ethical guidelines governing the security profession, including privacy rights, use of force, and codes of conduct.
3.Security Procedures and Protocols: Learn about access control, patrol techniques, incident reporting, and other essential security protocols used in various environments.
4.Emergency Preparedness: Gain knowledge of emergency situations, such as fires, medical emergencies, and natural disasters, and learn how to respond effectively.
5.Communication and Conflict Resolution: Develop effective communication skills, conflict resolution strategies, and customer service techniques to handle various interactions professionally.
6.Surveillance and Security Technology: Understand the principles and operation of surveillance systems, alarms, and other security technologies commonly used in the field.
First Aid and CPR: Acquire basic knowledge of first aid techniques and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) procedures, as these skills are often required for security guards. Subject matter experts (SMEs) in the private security and investigative services sectors worked with the ministry’s test development firm, CASTLE Worldwide Inc., to create the tests for the government. The test was created by the SMEs.
ABOUT TEST
Using a writing and review methodology that complies with standards for test creation and psychological best practices. They thoroughly examined and evaluated each question to ensure that the provided answers and proper answer keys were appropriate. The cut scores (passing marks) for the tests were also decided upon by a panel of SMEs who also read, tested, and evaluated the questions.
The written security guard test consists of 60 multiple-choice questions. Test visits last for two hours, of which 75 minutes are given for the test’s completion.
The cost of the license test is $60 plus 13% HST, making it $67.80 overall.
After the test is finished, the results will be made available within five business days. The passing mark to pass the security guard exam is 62%.
Every test must be scheduled in advance, either online or by calling a call Centre representative.
Rule of Eligibility
Only those who possess a current individual Ontario security guard license or who have successfully completed required training that satisfies the ministry’s requirements may register for and take an examination. Before they can register for and pass a test, applicants who do not already hold a Private Security and Investigative Services Branch license must complete the basic training required by the ministry. If you already have a license, you can only take the test for which you already have a license or have passed.
Becoming a successful security guard requires dedication, knowledge, and preparedness. By utilizing this Security Guard Test Preparation Guide, you’ll be equipped with the necessary tools to excel in your upcoming test and embark on a rewarding career in the security industry. Remember to approach your studies with discipline and determination, and don’t hesitate to reach out to mentors or professionals in the field for guidance. Good luck on your journey to becoming a skilled and trusted security guard.
Contact Us
For information on the ministry’s Training and Testing Regulation, on the topics covered in the training syllabi and the tests, you must contact the Private Security and Investigative Services Branch:
Phone: 416-212-1650 or toll-free at 1-866-767-7454
E-mail: PSIS.PrivateSecurity@ontario.ca
Website: www.ontario.ca/private-security
To book a test, and for any information regarding test scheduling and payment, you
must contact the ministry’s test delivery agent, Serco DES Inc.:
Phone: 1-866-248-2555
E-mail: sgt@serco-des.ca
Website: www.ontariosecuritytesting.com
SECTION 1-INTRODUCTION OF SECURITY INDUSTRY
Private and investigation services play a crucial role in gathering information, uncovering hidden truths, and providing valuable insights to individuals, businesses, and legal entities. Whether it’s conducting surveillance, background checks, or uncovering fraud, these services are essential for addressing a wide range of personal, corporate, and legal concerns. This introduction aims to shed light on the field of private and investigation services, exploring its significance, key areas of operation, and the diverse roles and responsibilities within it.
The private security sector is governed by the Private Security and Investigative Services Act, 2005 (PSISA). On August 23, 2007, the PSISA came into effect in order to enable the security industry to become more professional, promote public safety, and ensure practitioners.
possess the necessary training and credentials to offer protective services. In Ontario, the private security sector is governed by the PSISA and its rules.
The PSISA’s Training and Testing Regulation went into effect on April 15, 2010. To be qualified to apply for a license, all security guards must satisfy the mandatory requirements of the Training and Testing Regulation.
Importance of Security:
In a world faced with various threats, both traditional and emerging, security has become an essential component of our daily lives. Individuals, organizations, and governments rely on security measures to safeguard their assets, maintain public order, and protect against potential harm. The security industry plays a critical role in providing the expertise, technologies, and services necessary to counteract these threats and maintain a safe and secure environment.
A license for security guards is required:
If a person works for pay and their primary duty is to protect people or property, they must possess a security guard license. This comprises, but is not restricted to security guards, bouncers, loss prevention staff, and more broadly, people that patrol properties.
The following are general responsibilities and duties:
Some fundamental abilities are needed to work as a security officer or guard:
4.Time management: Managing both one’s own and other people’s time.
References/Resources
Private Security and Investigative Services Branch website:
https://www.ontario.ca/page/private-security-and-investigative-services
Training Syllabus for Security Guards (applicable to all sections of the Test Preparation Guide):
Section 2: The Private Security and Investigative Services Act and Ministry Code of Conduct
The Private Security & Investigative Services Act, 2005 (PSISA) is a legislation in Ontario, Canada, that regulates the private security and investigation industry. It sets out the licensing and operational requirements for individuals and businesses involved in providing private security and investigative services. Alongside the PSISA, the Ministry of the Solicitor General has established a Code of Conduct to guide professionals in the industry. Let’s take a closer look at both.
Licensing
The license requirements for security guards can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the type of security work involved. However, here are some common license requirements for security guards:
1.Minimum Age: Security guard applicants are typically required to be at least 18 years old to obtain a license.
2.Background Checks: Applicants are generally required to undergo a thorough background check, which includes criminal record checks, employment history verification, and character references.
3.Training and Education: Many jurisdictions require completion of a security guard training program or certification course approved by the regulatory authority. The training may cover topics such as basic security procedures, emergency response, legal responsibilities, and ethics.
4.Examinations: Some jurisdictions may require applicants to pass a written examination to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding of security practices.
5.Application and Fees: Prospective security guards must apply to the licensing authority and pay the applicable fees. The application typically includes personal information, employment history, and references.
6.First Aid and CPR Certification: Some jurisdictions require security guards to have valid first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification.
7.Renewal and Continuing Education: Security guard licenses are usually valid for a specific period and require renewal. Some jurisdictions may also require security guards to complete continuing education or training courses to maintain their license.
It’s important to note that the specific license requirements for security guards can vary between jurisdictions. It is advisable to consult the regulatory authority or licensing agency in your area to obtain accurate and up-to-date information on the license requirements specific to your location.
Code of Conduct:
The Act establishes a Code of Conduct that licensed individuals and businesses must follow. It outlines the professional standards, ethics, and behaviors expected of security and investigative professionals, emphasizing integrity, confidentiality, and respect for human rights.
Regulation and Compliance:
The PSISA provides the framework for regulating the industry, ensuring compliance with licensing requirements, and addressing any violations or misconduct. It grants the Ministry the authority to investigate complaints, conduct inspections, and impose penalties or sanctions for non-compliance.
Ministry Code of Conduct:
The Ministry of the Solicitor General has developed a comprehensive Code of Conduct to supplement the PSISA. This code sets out specific guidelines and expectations for professionals in the private security and investigative services industry. Key elements of the code include:
Professionalism: Security and investigative professionals are expected to conduct themselves in a professional and courteous manner, treating all individuals with respect and dignity.
Confidentiality: Professionals are required to maintain strict confidentiality and protect the privacy of clients, colleagues, and any sensitive information they may come across during their work.
Ethical Conduct: The code emphasizes the importance of ethical behavior, integrity, honesty, and compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. It prohibits engaging in any illegal activities, including bribery, corruption, or unauthorized use of information.
Respect for Human Rights: Security and investigative professionals must uphold and respect the human rights and dignity of all individuals, avoiding any actions that may discriminate or infringe upon their rights.
Compliance with Policies and Procedures: Professionals are expected to adhere to all relevant policies, procedures, and guidelines established by their employing organizations or the regulatory authorities.
Uniform
All security guards, except for bodyguards and loss prevention staff, are required to wear uniforms that adhere to the Uniforms Regulation. If a guard works for a certified security company, their employer is accountable for making sure that the uniform satisfies all criteria. Please remember that security personnel must be knowledgeable about.
since it is their duty to comply with the rule and wear the right attire every day. Key things to watch out for include:
Consequences of Non-Compliance:
Non-compliance with the PSISA or the Ministry Code of Conduct may result in various consequences, including license suspension or revocation, fines, and legal action. The Ministry of the Solicitor General takes violations seriously and investigates complaints to ensure the highest standards of professionalism and ethics are maintained within the private security and investigative services industry.
Conclusion:
The Private Security & Investigative Services Act, 2005, and the Ministry Code of Conduct play vital roles in regulating and maintaining professional standards within the private security and investigative services industry in Ontario, Canada. These frameworks ensure that licensed professionals operate with integrity, adhere to ethical principles, and provide high-quality services while prioritizing public safety and individual rights.
References/Resources
The PSISA and its regulations are available through the PSISB website at:
Section 3: Basic security procedures
Effective security procedures are essential for maintaining a safe and secure environment. Whether you’re responsible for securing a physical location, protecting sensitive information, or ensuring the safety of individuals, implementing basic security procedures is crucial. This guide provides an overview of some fundamental security procedures that can help mitigate risks and promote safety in various settings.
Access Control:
Controlling access to your premises is a fundamental security measure. Some key access control procedures include:
Crowd Control:
Whether you must manage a large crowd of people or restore order depends on your particular duty. The primary duty of security guards is to maintain law and order or to safeguard people and/or property. Things to consider when doing so;
To determine the risk to life and property, quickly observe the scenario. Know the reasons for crowd assembling, the reason people are forming groups, and the size of the crowd.
The risk of leaving the post, the availability of help or backup, the client’s or the guard’s supervisor’s instructions, the development of strategies or plans of action, with the situation.
All plans of public events should be made aware to employees and management team of facility before any event. Local law and enforcement authorities must know about the event. How to create a barricade or staging area or lock down of facility before or after event should be. discussed with event management team.
CRIME DETERRENCE AND DETECTION:
Most of the illicit activity on your site will be discouraged by your mere presence. However, if someone does attempt to conduct a crime, you should react as the customer requests.
to proceed. Not every client wants to file charges or call the police. The client and security firm will have already decided how you should respond. Understand what your Post Orders expect of you. If you do contact the police, be prepared to provide them with useful information. They might be able to stop the crime in progress or find the culprits thanks to this. Making thorough notes can help you to remember as many specifics of the crime as you can.
Working is always crucial to building good relations with the police. Together with your local police
force, you form a security team. It is also important that you know exactly what you are allowed to do and what you are not allowed to do under the law. During your career as a security guard, you will be responsible for a variety of duties. However, your main duty in all situations is to observe, deter, record and report.
Security officers also have knowledge that would be useful to emergency personnel. using that knowledge appropriately, such as by pointing firefighters in the direction of the fire site or the location of the industrial accident either more quickly than they could have discovered it otherwise or following an accident that happened on the job sit Or Security might be able to alert rescue workers to hazardous areas on the property.
The security guard will be required to testify that the evidence was legally obtained, produce and/or identify the exhibits, and provide proof that the necessary processes were followed in making the arrest when criminal charges have been filed as a result of information a security guard provided to the police.
Watch, decide, record, and report.
Although a Security Guard’s duties can alter, one thing remains constant. The main duty of a security guard is to “provide protection” for people, things, and data. It’s also crucial to remember that the days of a security guard being tough or acting like a bouncer and maintaining order on a job site by using force and intimidation are over.
FIXED POST AND PATROLS ASSIGNMENTS AND DUTIES
Two of the more significant tasks that guards may be expected to do are at a fixed post and patrol.
POST FIXED
The fixed post is typically placed where it is possible to inspect both pedestrians and vehicles before allowing them to enter or depart a facility. A fixed post may also have the following responsibilities:
protecting weak spots, limiting access, monitoring the equipment or specific installations, and identity control. The guard’s duties are typically outlined in the orders of the station to which they have been assigned, it must be emphasized. The guard must always follow the instructions; no actions should ever be taken against them.
PATROL POST
If a security guard is assigned to a patrol, he or she will be required to perform the patrol of the designated area and return to the post when finished. This is known as “double duty”’. To carry out this type of patrol, the guard must move about normally, following a prescribed frequency, covering the points to be checked. The guard must give a detailed report of these rounds, drawing attention to abnormal events and actions noted in each round tour.
TRAVELLING POLICE
When covering a vast region, a security officer can be more adaptable thanks to this mobile style of patrol. This duty may be carried out by guards on foot, bicycles, or in vehicles. According to the hypothesis, while allocated. They are typically not obliged to be in a certain location inside that area at a specific time when they have responsibility for that area.
VEHICLE PATROL
Typically, this kind of patrol covers expanses that are too large to be covered on foot. Radios or mobile phones are typically installed in the cars, and they frequently maintain continual contact with the dispatcher. Regarding the kind of patrol that is needed, specific instructions are provided. Parking lots, storage yards, perimeter fence lines, outer perimeters, and other places that are difficult to check on foot will frequently be included in the patrols. Guards may be asked to drive sick or injured people to fire stations or hospitals during car patrols in case of an emergency.
When a vehicle is utilized for patrol, security officers have the additional duty of making sure it is in good working order and won’t cause any trouble before using it.
Surveillance:
Surveillance plays a critical role in monitoring activities and deterring potential security threats. Here are some important procedures to consider:
Security Patrols:
Regular security patrols can deter potential threats and provide a visible presence. Consider the following procedures:
Incident Reporting:
Prompt and accurate reporting of incidents is vital for maintaining security and initiating appropriate responses. Establish the following procedures:
Emergency Preparedness:
Being prepared for emergencies is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals. Consider these procedures:
Implementing basic security procedures is vital for promoting safety, mitigating risks, and maintaining a secure environment. By focusing on access control, surveillance, security patrols, incident reporting, and emergency preparedness, you can establish a foundation for effective security practices. Regularly review and update these procedures to adapt to changing circumstances and emerging threats, ensuring that your security measures remain robust and up to date.
References/Resources
Saskatchewan Justice – Corrections, Public Safety and Policing: Private Investigator and Security Guard Training Manual (2008)
Report writing is a critical skill in the field of security. Security professionals are responsible for documenting incidents, conducting investigations, and providing accurate and detailed reports. These reports serve as important records, aid in decision-making, and provide a basis for legal and regulatory compliance. This guide highlights key considerations and best practices for writing effective security reports.
NOTE TAKING:
The most crucial weapon in a security guard’s arsenal is probably a notepad, which is used every day to record what happened that day. A notebook should be kept orderly.
It should not be altered; for instance, no pages should be pulled out because that may suggest that the security guard was attempting to eliminate information. Overall, the security guard’s honesty and dependability will be reflected in the notebook’s accuracy and openness.
The security guard oversees making sure that their notebook is safe; for instance, the guard shouldn’t leave a notebook in an area that a member of the public may access.
However, the security guard’s company will eventually own the notebook, therefore entries should be as clear as possible with a focus on precise spelling of names and places.
Reports should focus on real data and observations rather than assumptions and opinions, and they should address the following issues:
1 Clarity and Objectivity:
Security reports should be clear, concise, and objective to ensure the accurate communication of incidents and findings. Consider the following:
2 Report Structure and Organization: An organized and well-structured report helps readers navigate and understand the information effectively. Consider the following elements.
Use of Supporting Documentation:
Incorporating supporting documentation strengthens the credibility and completeness of security reports. Consider including the following:
Timeliness and Accuracy:
Timeliness and accuracy are crucial in security reporting. Ensure that reports are completed and submitted promptly after an incident or investigation. Accuracy is paramount, so double-check all information, facts, and figures before finalizing the report. Review the report for any errors, inconsistencies, or missing details that may impact its integrity and credibility.
Confidentiality and Data Protection:
Maintain strict confidentiality and data protection when writing security reports. Avoid including sensitive or personally identifiable information unless necessary. Protect the confidentiality of witnesses, victims, and other parties involved by using pseudonyms or assigning unique identifiers when possible.
Effective report writing is essential in the field of security to accurately document incidents, investigations, and findings. By focusing on clarity, objectivity, organization, and accuracy, security professionals can ensure their reports effectively communicate information and support informed decision-making. Regularly reviewing and improving report writing skills will enhance the professionalism and effectiveness of security professionals in their role.
STATEMENTS
On occasion, a security guard may be asked to record a statement in order to secure the information provided by a witness. The main goal of making a statement is to guarantee an accurate record of the witness’s memories of a particular incident or occurrence. A statement should be given voluntarily, without the witness being threatened or given any promises. Different companies have different statement policies. It’s standard good practice for statements to contain the following information:
Full name of the witness, date of birth, identification.
Getting Ready for Court:
Review all your notes thoroughly, making sure to confirm the day, time, date, and location of the incident.
Present your facts in the order that they occurred.
Discuss with the Crown what they want to highlight in your evidence and what kinds of questions the defense attorney might have.
Ensure that you are well-groomed and that your uniform is neat and ironed.
Aim to arrive early and unwind in court.
In the witness box, either stand or sit straight.
When questioned, pay attention to the lawyers and address the judge or jury with your responses.
Speak slowly enough for the judge to take notes while yet being audible to everyone.
Only respond to the question that was posed.
Give the facts, not your opinion, when speaking.
Address the court as “Your Honor”
Say directly “no” if you don’t know the answer to a question.
Treat the attorneys for the prosecution and the defense with the same respect. Don’t let it bother you. Maintain an expression of neutrality.
Until the judge gives you the all-clear, stay put.
References/Resources
Saskatchewan Justice – Corrections, Public Safety and Policing: Private Investigator and Security Guard Training Manual (2008)
https://work.chron.com/effectively-write-reports-security-officer-20169.html
Emergency situations can arise unexpectedly, and security professionals play a critical role in ensuring the safety and security of people and assets during such incidents. This guide highlights key considerations and best practices for emergency response preparation in the security industry.
Occupational Safety and Health Act
The Occupational Health and Safety Act gives us the guidelines and resources we need to create safe and healthy workplaces in Ontario. It outlines the obligations and rights of each party at employment. In cases when voluntary compliance has not been obtained, it creates processes for dealing with occupational dangers and offers legal enforcement.
On October 1st, 1979, the Act became operative. Occupational health and safety must be a shared responsibility between companies and employees.
WHMIS
WHMIS, which stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System, is a comprehensive system designed to ensure the safe handling, storage, and use of hazardous materials in the workplace. WHMIS is implemented in Canada and is intended to provide workers with the information they need to protect themselves and others from the hazards associated with hazardous materials. A legally mandated system called the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) disseminates knowledge about the perils and secure handling of substances used in the workplace. Representatives of business, labour, and government came together to jointly advise on the system’s conception and development. The law requires manufacturers and distributors of hazardous materials, often known as controlled products, to furnish material safety data sheets and labels with precise information about their products. Provincial legislation impose obligations on employers who utilize items to provide workers with information about the risks associated with the materials and to implement safe work practices. An essential part of an employer’s responsibilities about all chemical and biological compounds is the WHMIS system.
The key components of WHMIS include:
Hazard Classification: WHMIS classifies hazardous materials into various categories based on their physical and chemical properties, such as flammability, toxicity, and reactivity. This classification helps determine the appropriate precautions and safety measures for handling and using these materials.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Manufacturers and suppliers of hazardous materials are required to provide Safety Data Sheets that contain detailed information about the hazards, handling, storage, emergency measures, and safety precautions associated with the materials. SDSs provide important information to employers, workers, and emergency responders.
Labels: Hazardous materials must be properly labeled with WHMIS-compliant labels. These labels include specific hazard symbols, signal words (such as “Danger” or “Warning”), and other information to indicate the nature of the hazards and precautionary measures.
Education and Training: Employers are responsible for providing education and training to workers on the safe handling, use, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials. Workers need to understand the WHMIS symbols, labels, SDSs, and the procedures to follow in order to work safely with hazardous materials.
WHMIS is designed to protect the health and safety of workers by ensuring that they have access to important information about hazardous materials in the workplace. It promotes awareness, education, and proper handling practices to minimize the risks associated with working with hazardous substances.
It’s important for employers and workers to comply with WHMIS requirements, including proper labeling, provision of Safety Data Sheets, and effective training. This helps create a safer work environment and reduces the potential for accidents, injuries, and illnesses related to hazardous materials.
WHMIS HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
CLASS A- COMPRESSED GAS
Depending on the pressure, compressed gases can include both items in cylinders and aerosol cans. They are exposed to the following common sorts of risks:
Oxygen displacement, which increases the risk of suffocation.
Extreme cold temperatures.
Fragmentation (explosive effect caused by damaged or overheated containers)
Projection (gas expelled from a damaged container causes a rocket effect)
Oxygen displacement.
CLASS B – FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
There are six subcategories within this class, and the overall risk is determined by how easily the products burn and ignite.
B1 Flammable gases– Gas can ignite easily.
B2 Flammable Liquids-Vapors can ignite easily, high.
B3 Combustible liquids– Vapor can ignite at higher.
temperatures, limited flash fire hazard
B4 Flammable solids– Ignite and burn easily.
B5 Flammable aerosols– Spray/propellant ignites.
B6 Flammable reactive materials– Ignite on contact with air or water.
CLASS C- OXIDIZING MATERIAL
Oxidizing substances can speed up the burning of fires or ignite other substances when they come into touch with them. Two categories of substances oxidize:
Oxidizing compounds, which supply oxygen to a fire to make it burn faster, are frequently not themselves combustible.
Hydrogen peroxide: Organic peroxide is typically combustible and help start fires by providing oxygen.
CLASS D-POISONOUS AND INFECTIOUS MATERIAL: There are three divisions within this class, some of which have subdivisions. Every division has a unique symbol.
D1 SEVERE AND IMMEDIATE TOXIC EFFECTS:
These substances can be ingested, inhaled, or encountered by the skin or eyes. Even minor exposures to materials can result in fatalities or catastrophic injuries.
Example of a Subdivision Hazard
D1A: A relatively small quantity of the substance has a high
risk to life
D1B: A greater quantity of the substance poses a considerable risk to life.
D2 ADDITIONAL TOXIC IMPACTS:
Chemicals in this section may have health effects that take time to manifest or may not immediately pose a threat to life.
D2A effects typically result from prolonged exposure and have a negative impact on life. Long-term or short-term exposure to D2B may have consequences, some of which are reversible.
D3 Biologically Hazardous Infectious Material: Animals or humans may contract infections from these substances.
CLASS E CORROSIVE MATERIAL,
Corrosive substances can harm human tissue, bare aluminum surfaces, and steel. The risk that is presented by using human tissue is comparable to third-degree burns, i.e., the tissue will die.
Example: Bases (like lye), acids (like battery acid), or mercury Health Canada. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System – Official Site:
CLASS F DANGEROUSLY REACTIVE MATERIAL
Hazardously reactive substances include:
aggressively polymerize, breakdown, or condense; become self-reactive in the presence of shock, pressure, or temperature changes; or vigorously react with water to create a poisonous gas.
LABELS:
A security guard could be employed in a location where he or she oversees receiving supplies from outside vendors. All containers for restricted products must have a specific label applied by the provider. The information that must be provided includes the risks, safety precautions, and first aid treatments for the product. The label’s border is distinctive and aids in the simple recognition of a controlled product.
If the material is contained in the container, this label—also referred to as the provider label—must remain in place. It may be a mark, sticker, tag, or wrapper. The security guard shouldn’t open such containers while doing regular responsibilities.
The following seven categories will be present on the supplier label:
A statement indicating that a Material Data Safety Sheet is available.
The product identifier; Hazard symbol(s) for the Classes and Divisions under which the product falls.
The supplier’s identity (the full address is not necessary); the right product.
risks associated with exposure to controlled substances.
Precautions to be taken when handling, using, or being exposed to a controlled product; First Aid to be administered in the event of exposure to a controlled product.
Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB)
The Workplace Safety and Insurance Board WSIB is an independent trust agency operating under the Ministry of Labor. WSIB provides no-fault liability insurance and workers’ compensation to Ontario’s workplaces.
Employers registered with the WSIB pay monthly premiums as they would any other insurance policy. For employers, these premiums go towards protecting you in the event a worker suffers an injury in a workplace accident. This collective liability insurance gives employers peace of mind knowing they’re generally protected from being sued by an injured worker.
Workers injured in a workplace accident are entitled to receive benefits paid out by the WSIB, including healthcare coverage and loss of earnings benefits. The WSIB can also assist both employers and workers when it’s time for an injured employee to return to work.
Businesses required to register with the WSIB.
Most businesses in Ontario are required to register with the WSIB within 10 days of hiring their first employee. Some examples of required businesses include:
There are a few exceptions. Types of businesses that are not legally required to register with the WSIB include banks, insurance companies, barbers or hair salons (with exceptions), private schools or daycares, travel agencies, and several others.
However, many employers in these industries still choose to register with the WSIB to ensure their workers are fully protected. If you’re not sure whether you’re legally required to register with the WSIB give us a call and we can advise.
WSIB for small businesses
Small businesses and startups often rely on the WSIB to provide financial security in the event of a workplace accident. If you are not sure if you should register, give our friendly health and safety experts a call today and we can point you in the right direction.
Employer responsibilities under WSIB
Employers have several responsibilities under the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. In addition to registering within the first 10 days of hiring the first employee, employers must:
Report incidents: Report workplace incidents to the WSIB within three (3) days when the incident causes a worker to:
You have up to seven (7) days to report an incident only when the worker needs nothing beyond first aid and receives modified work at full pay. This is the only exception. If the worker requires more than seven calendar days of modified work, then you must report the workplace injury or illness to the WSIB.
Keep records: Employers must keep records of the incident, how it was handled, and the time it takes for your worker to recover.
Report material changes: Employers must report any circumstantial changes that affect the employer’s obligations to the WSIB within 10 days.
The recognizable WHMIS hatching border will encircle this information.
Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB)
Section 6: Emergency response preparation
Emergency response preparation is a crucial aspect of a security guard’s responsibilities. Security guards are often the first line of defense during emergencies, and their preparedness can significantly impact the safety and well-being of individuals and the overall effectiveness of the response. Here are some key steps in emergency response preparation for security guards:
Emergency Circumstances:
Security officers must understand potential emergencies and the proper protocols to follow. Fire, bombs, firearms, shady goods, and explosive devices can all be emergencies. An emergency may result in varying degrees of property damage or physical injury.
Emergency Action Protocols
To guarantee a successful response in an emergency, security guards should be conversant with any emergency response protocols provided with them by their company. These protocols offer a plan of action for getting ready for and handling an emergency. The measures that have been taken to deal with any abrupt, unexpected action that can result in property damage or personal injury should be known to security guards. Plans would be based on the best knowledge currently available regarding the possible types of emergencies and the potential severity of property loss and personal injury. These plans would specify the equipment to be purchased and the training to be given in order to react swiftly and efficiently to any emergency.
Roles that a security guard might play During a Crisis:
Before a security guard starts working on the site, the employer or client should define what their job will be in specific emergency circumstances and document that role. For instance, depending on the employer, different actions will be taken in response to an intruder alert. In some circumstances, the security officer will be required to phone the customers and the police as he or she waits for them to arrive. In other situations, security officers might be asked to protect the area and investigate what set off the alarm. The security guard might be expected to sound the fire alarm and call the fire department in the event of a fire. The security guard could be required to help with the evacuation of the premises, including crowd control, and provide directions.
Security guards are supposed to respond to emergencies and lessen their negative effects on a worksite. Security guards are obliged to assume command during an emergency to better safeguard persons and property.
Fire crises,
FIRE SAFETY PREVENTION AND FIRES DETECTION
The client uses security because they want to protect the people, things, and data that could be hurt or damaged by an unforeseen incident, such as fire. A structure worth millions of dollars could burn to the ground. If a fire is not put out right away, there could be a loss of life. A crucial component of a Security Guard’s responsibilities is the detection and prevention of fires. A security guard should be always alert for potential fire threats whether they are patrolling or managing a fixed point. The Security Guard will be more effective in carrying out his or her duties by keeping an eye out for common fire hazards, such as electrical equipment that produces heat or sparks when it shouldn’t, combustibles placed close to sources of heat, and routinely scanning for signs that a fire has already started, such as activated alarms or smoke and heat in unexpected places. If a fire or explosion occurs, these observations should be expanded to include a search of the entire job site for any particularly hazardous situations. Understanding potential risks or issues about the evacuation routes that occupants of a building should take would be especially helpful. Stairwells or emergency escape routes that are barred or permit only limited access are a few examples of information that may prove important in such a situation.
The time it takes for firemen to arrive at a fire and put it out may be significantly reduced if a security guard is able to advise them on how to do so most quickly.
At most job sites, it is anticipated that security will perform routine inspections to find, identify, and reduce fire hazards. Examples of these inspections include a cursory look at fire suppression systems, collections of combustible materials close to potential sources of ignition, and objects that could obstruct or prevent access to escape routes. Security personnel must be alert to the existence of ignition sources, flammables, and combustibles and respond accordingly to their presence.
What kind of response is appropriate depends on the site, this may change. Reporting the presence of gunpowder, for instance, would be of little use in a factory that produces pyrotechnics. However, if something seemed out of the ordinary or hazardous, the guard should presumably take some action to alert others to the problem. Storage of explosives or combustible materials next to a heat source, such as a furnace, may be regarded as odd. Boxes or some other type of impediment that prevents access to fire doors on an escape path could also be included. The policies that have been established will determine whether the individual advised is his or her supervisor or someone with responsibility at the site.
The following are some general precautions to take: Explosives or flammables shouldn’t be stored close to potential sources of ignition; Corridors, especially those that are likely to be used in an emergency evacuation, should always remain clear of obstructions or impediments, and combustible or flammable materials shouldn’t be stored there; Exit doors, including the floor area on both sides of the exit door, should be kept clear and accessible at all times;
Fire alarm systems ought to be shown as active. You are not in charge of maintaining and caring for supplies and equipment as a security guard.
You oversee disclosing fire and safety risks, though. It is crucial that you are aware of any “hot spots” on your property and employ all your senses to pick up on issues. When you are out on patrol, this is an excellent opportunity to search for these issues. Here are a few extra indicators to watch out for:
unclean housekeeping:
Sometimes items are left lying around, not properly stored, or placed in the incorrect location. Take note of the following:
Improper upkeep.
Things are occasionally not made correctly or are not kept in good repair. The following should be carefully considered:
the following: blocked or improperly built chimneys and flues.
Incorrect use:
Sometimes, objects are utilized carelessly or against the recommendations of the maker.
Watch out for these things:
Holiday decorations or displays in hazardous locations; sparks from tools like welding torches landing on combustible materials; overheated equipment, wiring, electrical outlets, fuse boxes, and motors; excessively powerful light bulbs; breakers taped to the on position.
circuit breakers that are blocked or tied so they don’t function, and excessive use of extension cords.
Never move or unplug anything without leaving a note and recording it.
FUEL:
Fuel, whether it be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas, is a crucial component in the creation of fire. Fuel travels that are solids or liquids at room temperature are effectively transformed into gases just before combustion by the heat generated from a catalyst, the “activation” source. For instance, a candle is in a solid state while it is at room temperature. Some of the adjacent wax melts when the wick is lit by the heat produced by the ignition source, which could be a match or lighter. The wick draws this liquid wax upward and towards the flame.
The flame’s heat is so high that the wax instantly transforms into gas.
OXYGEN
Different fuels have different flash points. For instance, the flash point of gasoline is lower (40°F) than that of kerosene (138°F). The flash point of a substance is also greatly influenced by atmospheric pressure. Without oxygen, technically a second fuel source in the chemical reaction, a fire cannot begin or, if it does, cannot persist. Unfortunately, there is a lot of oxygen present in most fires. About 21% of the oxygen in the air we breathe is also present in the air that a fire may access. The amount of fuel available is usually always the component that restricts the growth and duration of fires.
By dispersing this inert gas into the atmosphere and preventing ambient oxygen from coming into touch with the fuel, carbon-dioxide fire extinguishers try to stop the chemical process that causes fire. Dry chemical extinguishers make an analogous effort by smothering a fire by sandwiching a non-reactive powder between the fuel and the oxygen.
Before assuming that a fire has been put out due to a lack of oxygen in the air, caution should be exercised:
If a portion of a room in a house is blocked off, limiting the amount of oxygen available, the fire will not spread as the oxygen level decreases. Instead, the fire does not ignite until the oxygen level falls from its normal level of around 21% to around 15%. Even though there is less oxygen present now, the fire still smolders without flame. To avoid a dangerous back draught explosion, firefighters [and anybody else involved in fire safety] must be aware of this situation. Inadvertently opening a door or window will let in fresh oxygen.
Heat:
A source of heat serves as a catalyst and ignites a fire by starting a chemical reaction between oxygen and a secondary component (fuel). A very exothermic chemical process is what you are truly seeing when you view a flame. This kind of chemical reaction releases a lot of energy quickly, primarily in the form of heat (although it can also produce light).
Heat is the result of an energy transfer from a substance to the nearby atoms, which causes them to vibrate and move more quickly. Because fires produce such large amounts of energy, a large portion of it is transported as heat to the nearby atoms and molecules. The fire will be self-sustaining and continue to burn once the chemical reaction starts and until it is deprived, naturally or artificially, of one or more of the key ingredients (fuel, oxygen, or heat).
WATER:
The temperature of a flammable substance can be lowered using water. Water will also be released into the air surrounding the fire when it is heated into a gaseous state (steam) by the energy it absorbs. Given that the fire is contained inside a reasonably small region, this could also have the additional effect of reducing the amount of oxygen accessible.6 Normally, Class A fires are the only ones that can use water. It could spread the flames if used on Class B fires. Water conducts electricity, therefore using it to put out a Class C fire puts the person doing it at serious risk of getting shocked. This is why it is never utilized. Due to the intense heat produced, water is unlikely to have any influence on Class D fires.
Carbon Dioxide:
To prevent atmospheric oxygen from contacting the fuel source, carbon dioxide, an inert gas, is released under pressure from an extinguisher and utilized to blanket the fire.
Carbon dioxide extinguishers are typically used to put out Class B flames. When CO2 is used to put out a flammable liquid fire, the fire won’t automatically re-ignite since most flammable liquids are not hot enough to achieve activation again after the flames have been extinguished.
On the other hand, a CO2 extinguisher might not work on a Class A fire because the fuel’s temperature, even in the absence of flames, will probably be high enough to re-ignite after the CO2 has dispersed.
In addition, carbon dioxide is quite chilly. Because of this, care should be used when utilizing this substance.
Contacting bare skin may cause frostbite. In enclosed spaces, carbon dioxide should also be used with caution since it tends to displace oxygen, which the person putting out the fire also needs.
Halon Gas:
To put out Class A, B, and C flames, this compressed gas that is heavier than air is employed. Halon combines the cooling properties of water with the suffocating properties of carbon dioxide. Its main impact is to halt the combustion of fuel and oxygen. Since halon leaves almost little residue behind after usage, it is particularly helpful for putting out flames when using suppressants would cause significant damage and require expensive cleanup. Halon tends to displace oxygen, just like CO2 suppressors do, so it should be handled with caution.
Dry Chemical Substances:
By covering the fuel with a layer of inert powder, dry chemical fire extinguishers prevent the fuel and oxygen from coming into contact. There are two main kinds of dry chemical fire extinguishers, each of which can put out a different class of fires. Class B and C flames are successfully put out with common dry chemicals. Dry chemicals with a tri-class rating work well to put out Class A, B, and C fires.
Metal Fire Extinguishers:
These dry granules are specifically made to put out metal flames. There are three common suppressants on the market. Each is intended for a certain kind of metal fire.
A security guard should take the time to become familiar with the location and type of fire extinguishers on the property in addition to keeping an eye out for their general condition. Age does cause fire extinguishers to degrade. Any unusual occurrences must be reported to the officer’s supervisor, who will inform the client.
Observations a Security Guard should make include: • Are the extinguishers on hand suitable for the job site? For instance, the proper metal fire suppressor should be accessible if the location is utilized to produce roadside flares made of magnesium.
SECURITY’S RESPONSIBILITY AFTER A FIRE:
A security guard may find that his or her duties must change once the fire has been put out.
to satisfy the client’s requirements. After a fire, the jobsite could suddenly look very different from how it did before the occurrence. After a huge fire, it’s usual to find walls that have been knocked in, doors and windows that have been destroyed, and holes made in the roof. Damage at the scene of a fire often exceeds that brought on by the heat and flames of the fire for several reasons.
The burned-out area and beyond are likely to be saturated with water and other fire suppressants. Even with specialized breathing apparatus, the toxic smoke and chemicals created by a fire can cause Firefighting is challenging. A fireman may find it crucial to get rid of these hot gases and smoke in order to stop a back draught. To effectively ventilate the inside of the structure, holes may be created in the roof, exterior walls, or windows and doors. The firefighters must also check the walls and ceilings for any hidden fires that might be raging. They must tear the walls or ceilings apart and cover anything they see with suppressant if they want to be sure.
The first thing to do after a fire is to secure the area to prevent any additional harm from elements, vandalism, and theft. A security guard may also be tasked with keeping watch over the area until the fire investigation is finished.
To prevent weather and unauthorized access, openings into the premises (including doors, windows, and holes in the walls and roof) should, whenever practical, be covered. Outside doors should be secured by locking them. The building’s owner or occupants should think about taking all remaining assets if possible. After a fire has been put out, personnel trying to re-enter the area should proceed with great caution. There should be a structural damage inspection of the property. The site’s roof or floors may have been seriously damaged, depending on the size of the fire and the heat it produced. The use of suppressants and fire service activities could have potentially harmed structural stability.
Before it is utilized again, electrical wiring that may have been damaged by fire suppressants or charred by fire should be thoroughly inspected. Before attempting to use these things again, the property owner should probably have a licensed plumber, electrician, and gas line specialist evaluate the location and its contents.
Alarm Reaction:
Security officers should comprehend the fundamentals of preventive measures before responding to alerts & fire alarm systems that they might run against, along with some details on how these systems work.
Different alarm system types include:
1.Familiarize Yourself with Emergency Procedures: Understand the specific emergency procedures established by your organization or the facility you are assigned to. This includes knowing the protocols for different types of emergencies, such as fires, medical emergencies, natural disasters, or security incidents.
2.Conduct Risk Assessments: Regularly assess the potential risks and hazards in the environment you are securing. Identify potential emergency scenarios and their potential impact. This will help you anticipate and plan for different situations.
3.Establish Communication Protocols: Know how to effectively communicate during emergencies. Familiarize yourself with the communication systems in place, such as two-way radios, emergency call buttons, or alarm systems. Understand the chain of command and whom to contact in different emergency situations.
4.Training and Education: Participate in relevant training programs and courses that cover emergency response procedures. This may include first aid and CPR training, fire safety training, active shooter response training, or other specialized programs. Stay updated on best practices and new developments in emergency response.
4.Develop Emergency Response Plans: Work with your organization and colleagues to develop comprehensive emergency response plans. These plans should include evacuation procedures, shelter-in-place protocols, designated assembly points, and clear instructions for different emergency scenarios.
5.Coordinate with Emergency Services: Establish relationships and lines of communication with local emergency services, such as fire departments, police departments, and paramedics. Understand their response protocols and how to collaborate with them effectively during emergencies.
6.Maintain Emergency Equipment: Ensure that emergency equipment, such as fire extinguishers, first aid kits, and emergency lighting, is in good working condition and readily accessible. Regularly inspect and maintain this equipment as required by regulations and organizational policies.
7.Stay Calm and Communicate Clearly: During emergencies, it’s crucial to remain calm and focused. Follow established procedures, provide clear instructions to others, and assist individuals in need to the best of your abilities. Communicate effectively with colleagues, emergency services, and those affected by the emergency.
8.Continuously Learn and Improve: After each emergency response, conduct debriefings to identify strengths and areas for improvement. Learn from each experience and make necessary adjustments to emergency response plans and procedures.
Remember, emergency response preparation is an ongoing process. Stay vigilant, practice situational awareness, and maintain a proactive mindset to effectively respond to emergencies and ensure the safety and security of the individuals under your care.
Duty of care
Security guards must understand the duty of care idea (what a reasonable person would do in a specific circumstance) and be able to secure and safeguard a facility. Crime scene until the right people shows there.
Threats of bombs
Bomb threats are rare, and most of them are jokes. However, anything that has the potential to detonate might result in fatalities and material damage, thus all bomb threats must be handled seriously.
Never take a chance or disregard a threat:
When dealing with a bomb threat or emergency, a security guard must understand what these terms indicate.
A BOMB THREAT IS MADE BY WHAT KIND OF PERSON?
Bomb threats come from a variety of people. Although you cannot predict the kind of people you may encounter, considering the following scenarios may help you get ready:
A coworker or family member who has a grievance against someone and wants to make that person feel guilty for the pain of numerous others.
A dissatisfied client:
A dissatisfied client is one who believes they have not received the level of service they should have or is dissatisfied with a purchase. When someone returns a stereo to a store, for instance, they are informed that returns are not permitted. Both the clerk and the supervisor are rude to them.
Angry employee:
Employee who is upset with management because they believe they have been treated unfairly by their employer or organization. For instance, a sacked employee might return with a live grenade and threatening to blow up the entire company.
An Activist:
A protester is a person whose political or religious views contrast with those of the group they are threatening. This person might pick a newspaper, a clinic, or a government building.
Prankster:
Someone who plays pranks or does anything on a dare is called a prankster. An individual kid might make a bomb threat to a school to see if they can get away with it or to gain a break.
WHAT SHOULD I DO IF I SEE A SUSPECTED OBJECT?
Never touch it: When opened or closed, switches, lids, flaps, zippers, buttons, and other fastenings could explode. It’s your responsibility to report anything that seems odd or out of place. The bomb squad’s role is to conduct a deeper investigation.
Keep the surroundings unchanged: The device could blow up if there is too much heat, light, or other changes. However, make a note of any door or window openings or closings as well as any light switches you may use.
Avoid using your phone or radio. A bomb may be placed in a way that an electronic gadget could set off. Use any communication equipment, like a cell phone, at least 150 feet away from a suspected explosive.
The place should be cleared and secured. Ensure that no one can enter the area: Make it apparent that the area is off limits by using tape or any other accessible materials.
Report – Contact the person listed in your post orders as soon as you discover anything suspect. the following in your report:
WHAT APPEARS IN A BOMB?
The size and design of bombs vary widely. They may be low-tech, DIY gadgets or sophisticated, professional gadgets. Instructions for making bombs can be accessed online, and the materials are readily available in homes and pharmacies. Bombs can appear to be anything, including an envelope, pen, phone, briefcase, shoebox, pipe, or even a gift. Although no two bombs are alike, they are all deadly. Anything strange should arouse suspicion.
As soon as a bomb threat is received, you can also immediately evacuate the area.
Escape Right Away: Evacuation does highlight the value of the lives and safety of individuals using the space, even though it could cost money, time, and resources. Anyone on the property, including those looking to plant an explosive device, typically has easy access to the evacuation routes. Before exposing potential evacuees to the risk of explosive devices deployed along the evacuation route and any alternate routes, a search of those routes should be conducted.
OVERALL SUGGESTIONS:
Stay composed: When a crisis strikes, others will be looking for guidance and support. A serene and assured demeanor is necessary for effective leadership. A security guard who is uneasy or shows signs of insecurity won’t be able to take charge of the situation and give the greatest support to the individuals who need it.
If An Alarm for An Emergency Occurs: When a fire alarm or other emergency alert sounds or when another evacuation command is given, everyone inside the building must leave right away.
Call 911: This strategy should be followed as well if the security firm or site owner/operator has established other processes for emergency response, such as calling the building manager, a supervisor, or someone similar:
References/Resources
Training Syllabus for Security Guards (applicable to all sections of the Test Preparation Guide):
Section 7: Canadian legal system
The Canadian legal system forms the foundation of law and justice in Canada. It encompasses a complex framework of laws, statutes, regulations, and court systems that govern various aspects of Canadian society. Understanding the Canadian legal system is essential for individuals, including security professionals, to navigate legal obligations and uphold the rule of law. This guide provides a general overview of the Canadian legal system.
Provincial Law: Acts that define provincial offences have been passed by the provinces. According to the Provincial Offences Act, provincial offences in Ontario are prosecuted and handled similarly to summary conviction offences under the Criminal Code (Canada).
Municipal ordinances: These regulations are, by definition, unique to each municipality. The local bylaws that apply to their area must be known to security personnel. Every town typically has by-laws in place to control things like traffic laws, occupancy restrictions, and noise restrictions, etc.
The list of local by-laws is available to security guards by contacting their municipality’s town or city hall or by visiting its website.
How do laws get passed?
Only the Canadian parliament and the respective provincial legislatures are recognized as having the authority to enact laws under our constitution. These laws, sometimes known as acts and regulations, may grant other people or organizations the authority to enact other laws.
Municipal bylaw examples include:
Certain Toronto city ordinances:
Laws against smoking: Smoking is prohibited by law, and this is done to safeguard workers. The provincial Act forbids smoking in enclosed workplaces and public areas.
Laws Regarding Noise:
The quiet, peace, rest, enjoyment, comfort, or convenience of city residents may not be disturbed at any time by the making, causing, or allowing of noise or vibration. For a specified reason, the city may grant a permit that specifies the conditions for having noise or sound.
Law must be followed for it to be effective; simply passing a law does not guarantee that the issue will be resolved. Criminal law must be enforced by the police, the courts, and attorneys retained to represent offenders.
Evidence Class:
Direct evidence: Direct evidence is when someone who witnessed the assault testifies that the accused was the one who struck the victim. The reliability of direct evidence can be impacted by several variables, such as the witness’s capacity to comprehend the matter under investigation, recollect the incident, and explain and describe what was seen. By interrogating the witness, it is possible to determine the validity of direct evidence.
Contextual evidence: Contrary to direct evidence, which pertains specifically to a fact under consideration, circumstantial evidence establishes facts or circumstances from which the existence or absence of the fact under consideration may be inferred. Like other types of evidence, circumstantial evidence can be used alone or in conjunction with other evidence to establish guilt or innocence.
Documentary Proof: Traditional definitions of documentary evidence include “any written thing capable of being made evidence regardless of the material it may be inscribed on.” This can include papers, books, cards, photos, videos, audiotapes, microfilm, computer records, and any information that has been recorded or kept on any kind of media. Before relying on the documents, the judge must be confident in their accuracy.
Actual Proof: Things produced to a court constitute real (physical) evidence. Real evidence may consist of tangible items like a weapon or article of clothing as well as demonstrations or tests carried out for the court’s advantage, but it must be proven that the real evidence belongs to the accused.
Discover evidence: For the inexperienced eye, physical evidence can occasionally be very minute or even imperceptible. We refer to trace evidence as this kind of proof. It includes items like fingerprints or footprints found in or close to the scene of a crime. Additionally, very minute physical particles like hair or fiber form a plant garment item. Experts must gather or take pictures of this kind of evidence. It is crucial for you to ensure that the crime scene has not been altered in any way before the specialists arrive if you are the first person on the scene of a crime.
Collecting The Evidence and Keeping It Safe:
If a crime scene is not preserved or is not maintained adequately, critical evidence might be damaged or even lost. Typically, a security guard is the first person on a particular site to have responsibility for investigating, preserving, and securing the site. The important thing to remember is to leave enough evidence behind so that the guilty party or parties can be brought to justice. Examine the circumstance.
Some evidence could be ruined or corrupted by the elements. For instance, if exposed to rain, snow, and wind, fingerprints may be washed away. Traffic in the region might disturb a footprint in the dust. Make good judgements. You should request that the person in charge of the activity stop it if you think it would damage the evidence. Wait until the officials have left the site before allowing visitors. Close windows and doors to keep people from entering the area. To shield the scene from the weather, cover it with plastic sheeting. The idea in this situation is to be resourceful and make use of whatever is available to help you preserve the evidence.
1.Constitutional Framework:
2.Federal and Provincial Legislation:
3.Court System:
Common Law and Civil Law:
Legal Professionals:
The Canadian legal system is a complex framework that encompasses federal and provincial legislation, constitutional rights, court systems, and legal professionals. Security professionals should familiarize themselves with relevant laws and regulations applicable to their field and operate within the boundaries of the law. Understanding the Canadian legal system promotes accountability, fairness, and the protection of rights and freedoms in Canadian society.
References/Resources:
Canada’s System of Justice
https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/
Law of Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Canada
Court of Canada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada
Legal authorities serve as the sources of law in Canada, providing the basis for the legal system and governing various aspects of society. Understanding the different legal authorities is essential for individuals, including security professionals, to navigate legal obligations, enforce regulations, and ensure compliance. This guide provides an overview of the key legal authorities in Canada.
People, property, and data are all protected by security personnel. The roles and duties of a guard vary greatly from site to site. The significance of the job and the general responsibilities that a security guard could be requested to perform daily must be understood by security guards. The expectations and duties owed to the client, the general public, and his or her employer must be understood by guards as well as changes and advancements in the industry.
One of the sectors in North America with the quickest growth is the security sector. In Canada now, security guards outnumber police officers, according to a recent statistics Canada poll.
The Function of a Security Officer:
For the employer: As a security guard, you are accountable to your employer for the safety and protection of those working on the site, visitors, and property (buildings, equipment, etc.). information on items, manufacturing methods, etc.
To the general public: Protection of the general public from harm or loss is typically allocated to security. This includes:
Yours Truly: An individual working as a security guard should be aware that they are professionals and that the work they conduct carries a lot of responsibility. It’s not uncommon for security to oversee guarding equipment and property worth hundreds of thousands or even millions of dollars. Therefore, when doing his or her duties, the guard must behave seriously and responsibly.
Constitution:
Legislation:
Case Law:
Regulations and Bylaws:
Legal Principles and Doctrine:
Legal authorities, including the Constitution, legislation, case law, regulations, bylaws, and legal principles, collectively form the basis of the Canadian legal system. Security professionals should familiarize themselves with relevant legal authorities applicable to their work to ensure compliance, uphold rights and responsibilities, and contribute to a just and lawful society. It is advisable to consult legal professionals or authoritative legal sources for specific legal advice and guidance.
ESA, the Employment Standards Act of 2000
Minimum requirements for employment in Ontario are outlined in the Act. It outlines the obligations of employers and employees in Ontario workplaces. A poster titled “What You Should Know About the Ontario Employment Standards Act” must be shown in the workplace where most employees can see it in order to help ensure that employers understand their obligations and employees are aware of their rights. It was created and published by the Minister of Labor. The ministry has the authority to punish and/or bring legal action against an employer who does not comply with these posting requirements.
The ESA covers a variety of topics, including:
The Minimum Wage:
Most workers, whether full-time, part-time, casual, or paid an hourly rate, commission, piece rate, flat rate, or salary, are entitled to the federal minimum wage. $15.50 is the minimum rate as of March 31, 2023. If an employee is sent home after working less than three hours, the company is still required to pay for three hours, but there are still some restrictions.
Office Hours:
Daily Limit: The average employee can only be forced to work a maximum of 8 hours each day; any additional hours must be agreed upon in writing. 48 hours is the maximum number of hours that most employees may be asked to work in a week, and this limit may only be exceeded with the Director of Employment Standards’ written consent.
Eating Periods: After five straight hours, the employer is required to give employees a 30-minute meal break. If an employee does not have a contract, meal breaks are not compensated. Employees are not required to receive coffee breaks or any other type of break from their employers.
Overtime: For most workers, regardless of whether they are full-time, part-time, students, temporary help agency assignments employees, casual workers, or any other type of worker, overtime starts once they have put in 44 hours in a work week. They must be paid overtime after that. The rate of pay for overtime is 1.5 times (or “time and a half”) the employee’s hourly wage.
Vacation: After each 12-month period during which they are eligible for vacation, employees are entitled to two weeks of time off. The minimum amount of vacation pay is 4% of gross income. There are nine holidays in Ontario.
Labor Relation Act (LRA)
In addition to those protected by provincial labor rules, all employees in Canada are covered by federal labor laws. There are distinct labor rules in each province.
The Act’s fundamental goals are as follows:
Provincial Offences Act.
The Provincial Violations Act is a provincial statute that outlines the steps for prosecuting violations under other provincial laws, rules, and by-laws. Municipalities oversee running the courts that hear Provincial Offences under a Memorandum of Understanding.
There are a variety of provincial offences, such as, but not limited to:
The following organizations have the authority to issue a Provincial Offence Ticket:
References/Resources
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act:
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/p-8.6/
Criminal Code (Canada):
Labor Relations Act, 1995:
https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/95l01
Liquor License Act:
https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90l19
Provincial Offences Act:
https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90p33
Section 9: Effective communications
Review of the Section
Security officers must always act properly because they come across a variety of situations. Having effective communication skills is crucial for security guards so they can adapt to various circumstances and diffuse them as needed.
The field of communications can either be one of the greater achievement or the biggest failure. As a security guard, you are compelled to use the standard forms of communication, including written, oral, telephone, radio, physical signals, and mechanical signals.
general guidelines for all communications:
The following rules apply:
(a) Be succinct.
(b) Be clear.
(c) Be concise.
(d) Ensure that you are understood
(e) Do not be hostile.
Communicating Verbally
Having a sufficient vocabulary is essential for having intelligent conversations and for effectively expressing oneself. Depending on the type of work you conduct, your vocabulary needs will undoubtedly change. To communicate with others more effectively, it is a good idea to speak in the same language as those around you.
Communication Techniques
There are numerous ways to communicate, including written (reports, corporate regulations), in-person meetings, phone calls, emails, two-way radios, and by text message. recording a video. In order to gather information, security guards need to be able to interact verbally and in writing with a variety of people. Whether given verbally or in writing, the information given by a security guard should always be precise and suitable. Accurate information should be communicated with objectivity and without prejudice.
Nonverbal cues, including body language, are also used in communication. A security guard can transmit information by their posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
The use of communications and communication protocols for certain circumstances, such as fire alarms, should be discussed by security personnel with their employers.
Some general rules applicable to all communications are:
1.Clear and Concise Communication
Effective communication is a cornerstone of success in the security industry. Clear and concise communication, active listening, professionalism, the use of technology and tools, conflict resolution, and cultural sensitivity are all crucial aspects of effective communication. By honing these skills, security professionals can enhance their ability to convey information, resolve conflicts, and foster positive relationships with stakeholders, ultimately contributing to a safer and more secure environment.
(a) look at them
(b) smile and be polite
(c) avoid using expressions if you are unsure of their meaning.
(d) Avoid utilizing jargon that the other person does not understand to impress.
How do I interview witnesses and other individuals?
Interviewing the parties involved or any witnesses may be necessary if an incident occurs while you are on duty. Most individuals will feel comfortable sharing information with you if you use the above-mentioned active listening techniques. Additional recommendations are as follows:
Telephones:
Answer the phone politely, stating your name, the name of the company you work for, and the department you are in, such as “Good evening, XYZ Company, Security Office, Smith here”; Be brief but courteous, avoid being abrupt.
Don’t forget the thank-you and good-byes.
Radio:
(a) Comply with all communication protocol guidelines
(b) operate in accordance with the client’s instructions.
(c) Acquire knowledge of the site’s CODE language.
You must be familiar with fundamental “codes” or radio codes. Between the RCMP, Municipal Police, OPP, and other services, as well as between different regions of Canada, these vary greatly. However, the lower number codes frequently resemble one another, and the following list includes those that are widely used:
(Radio Silence)
Customer Service While each customer has specific needs that must be addressed, in general a security guard should try to:
(a) Anticipate the customer’s needs
(b) listen and respond to the customer’s needs
(c) exceed the customer’s expectations.
Tips for Communicating
Communication advice:
Managing Difficult People or Furious People
1.Remain composed and convey an open attitude to listening.
2.Recognize that the individual has a right to complain.
3.Never argue.
4.Acknowledge mistakes.
5.express regret if necessary.
6.Eliminate blame.
7.When attempting to resolve a complaint, adhere to customer policies.
References/Resources
Effective English Communication in Security is an Important Skill for Success
https://cspis.com/effective-communication-skills-for-security-guards/
Section 10: Sensitivity training
Sensitivity training is an ongoing process, and security guards should continuously develop their understanding and skills related to diversity and cultural awareness. By fostering sensitivity and inclusivity, security guards can create a safe and welcoming environment for all individuals they encounter in the course of their duties.
Security officers can frequently need to contact with various categories of people. To avoid any biases that can affect how they interact with others, it is crucial that they treat everyone with respect.
The responsibilities of security guards are evolving along with the security sector’s recent expansion. Guards are expected to carry out several intricate tasks with discretion, diplomacy, and tact. Government restrictions have increased anxiety over how people and businesses should be licensed. Guards must appear professional and be knowledgeable of the regulations that apply to their field.
Some of these demands consist of:
1.Always Acting in an honest and ethical manner.
2.Showing consideration for persons with special needs, people from diverse backgrounds, groups, and cultures.
3.Using a calm, collected, and rational demeanor wherever possible.
4.Never displaying impatience, rage, scorn, dislike, sarcasm, etc.
5.When analyzing the data, have an open mind.
6.Never get caught up in a dispute or conflict that is out of the security guard’s control.
7.Always be polite and civil, and when speaking to challenging individuals, address them with Mr., Ms., Sir, Ma’am, etc.
8.Please, thank you, and other respectful language should always be used when speaking to others.
9.Knowledge of the client’s and the employer’s policies; knowledge of the criminal legislation and their rights and obligations under it.
10.Being properly attired, neat and clean
11.Acting in a disciplined and professional manner, treating all people with respect and dignity.
12.Being well-trained and able to respond quickly and appropriately to routine situations and emergencies without panicking.
Personal development
The attitudes and general way of life that are brought into a situation frequently have a significant impact on how a person portrays themselves to others. Of fact, how we behave while performing a task frequently has just as much significance as the task itself. Even if a person may make an effort to conceal how they feel about someone, a profession, or a circumstance, attitude is frequently evident through a range of vocal and nonverbal signs. They might consist of:
Face Expression Tone
Volume Body Language
Posture
Identifying People Who Have Mental Illness
Canada has a serious health problem with mental illness. 10% of the population is thought to be affected by mental illness in some way.
Observables include:
1.) Unexpected or abrupt changes in behavior, such as when a person who is normally quiet becomes talkative when the situation does not call for it.
2.) Signs that someone has lost contact with reality, such as being confused, acting suspiciously, talking nonsense, or concealing.
3.) Memory loss – unable to recollect recent events yet recalls details from infancy vividly.
4.) Illusionary notions
5.) Preoccupation, a set notion that isn’t necessarily wrong but that assumes excessive importance and consumes excessive amounts of attention and speech time.
6.) Engage in one-sided talks, particularly in public.
7.) Social withdrawal, despair, apathy, a lack of drive, a lack of interest, a lack of energy, and sobbing.
8.) Panicking, acting suspiciously, pacing, and restlessness.
PERSONS WHO HAVE EMOTORY DIFFICULTIES:
It is possible that Security Guards will encounter people who exhibit strange, disruptive, or potentially aggressive behavior at some point throughout the course of their duties. Managing people’s behavioral issues is challenging and occasionally dangerous, but the more the security guard is aware of safe approaches, the easier it will be. There are a few people who struggle with mental illness. Security guards should therefore be knowledgeable about a variety of mental diseases and illnesses.
However, your reaction to a prospective aggressor is crucial regardless of whether the person is mentally ill or not. A solution to the situation that assures everyone’s safety will result from the appropriate strategy.
How To Talk to A Blind Or Visually Impaired Person.
When approaching a person who is blind, say “hello” to them in a normal voice. If you know it, use their name. Ask whether your assistance is needed after identifying yourself. If so, signal to them with a touch to the back of your hand so they can take your arm. Any additional participants should be identified.
Avoid grabbing the person by the hand or tugging on their sleeves when assisting them to cross the street. simply provide you with assistance. Tell them when you’ll be there. Describe to him the doors, stairs, and surrounds. Inform the individual of any dangerous areas or rocky terrain. When you have finished helping, let him know when you’re leaving.
Sensitivity training, also known as diversity training or cultural awareness training, is an important aspect of security guard training. It aims to promote understanding, empathy, and respectful behavior towards individuals from diverse backgrounds and communities. Here are some key points related to sensitivity training for security guards.
References/Resources
https://test.cspis.com/topic/1-6-3/
Section 11: Use of force theory
Use of force theory is a critical aspect of training for security guards, as it provides guidelines and principles for employing force when necessary to maintain safety and security. Security guards must understand and adhere to these principles to ensure that their use of force is lawful, reasonable, and proportionate to the situation. Here are some key points related to the use of force theory for security guards:
1.Lawful Authority: Security guards should only use force within the scope of their lawful authority. This authority is typically defined by legislation, regulations, or the policies and procedures of the organization they work for. Guards should be familiar with the specific laws and regulations that govern their jurisdiction and understand the limits of their authority.
2.Proportionality: The principle of proportionality states that the level of force used should be proportionate to the threat or risk encountered. Security guards should assess the situation and consider the severity of the threat, the potential harm to themselves or others, and the available alternatives before deciding to use force. The level of force used should not exceed what is necessary to effectively control the situation.
3.Necessity: The use of force should be deemed necessary to accomplish a legitimate objective, such as protecting individuals or property from harm. Security guards should evaluate whether there are other reasonable options available before resorting to the use of force. Whenever possible, attempts should be made to de-escalate the situation or resolve conflicts through communication and non-violent means.
4.Reasonableness: The use of force must be reasonable in the circumstances. Security guards should consider factors such as the individual’s behavior, the level of threat posed, the availability of backup or support, and the potential impact on bystanders. Guards should act in a manner that a reasonable person, with similar training and experience, would consider appropriate under the circumstances.
5.Continuum of Force: The continuum of force is a framework that provides security guards with a range of options for responding to different levels of threat or resistance. It typically includes verbal commands, presence and authority, soft control techniques (e.g., escort holds), intermediate control techniques (e.g., pepper spray), and, as a last resort, hard control techniques (e.g., physical restraint). Security guards should be trained in these techniques and use them in a progressive manner based on the situation’s evolving dynamics.
6.Documentation and Reporting: Whenever force is used, security guards should document the incident in detail, including the reasons for the use of force, the actions taken, and the outcomes. Accurate and timely reporting is crucial for transparency, accountability, and potential legal proceedings. Guards should follow their organization’s protocols for reporting and documentation of use of force incidents.
It’s essential for security guards to receive thorough training on use of force theory, including legal principles, practical techniques, and scenario-based exercises. Ongoing training and regular review of use of force policies and procedures will help guards maintain their skills, stay within the bounds of the law, and ensure the safety and security of themselves and others.
What should I do to prevent using violence?
Always strive to solve any problems without using physical force. Among these non-physical remedies are:
You do (non-physical techniques)
Frequently, deterring someone from committing a crime only requires your presence as a security guard.
You can avoid employing physical force to resolve a situation by doing a variety of other things, though. Observing or following someone; calling the police to handle a matter rather than becoming involved yourself; distancing yourself from a situation that is getting out of hand and calling the police; and using statistics to your advantage are a few examples. Before entering a potentially risky situation, you should ask for assistance from any other guards that are nearby.
Authorized or Required by Law.
In this section, “authorized or required by law” refers to a person acting within the bounds of their legal power. Security guards often have a lot of legal power under the Criminal Code. For instance, the Criminal Code permits the arrest of a criminal who is committing an offence, so long as specific requirements are met. A task given to security may be making arrests of people. If a crime has been committed, a reasonable person would judge that force was necessary, and the amount of force used was not more than necessary, then it may be acceptable to use force to make an arrest.
References/Resources
National Use of Force Model, from the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police Website:
https://test.cspis.com/topic/national-use-of-force-framework-4/
Section 12: Emergency-level first aid certification
Emergency level first aid refers to the immediate and critical medical care provided to individuals experiencing life-threatening injuries or illnesses. It involves rapid assessment, prioritization of care, and prompt interventions to stabilize the person’s condition until professional medical help arrives. This guide highlights the key principles and techniques involved in emergency level first aid.
1.Scene Safety and Assessment:
2.Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR):
3.Control of Severe Bleeding:
3.Airway Management:
4.Management of Shock:
5.Other Emergency Interventions:
6.Summon Professional Medical Help: Contact emergency medical services (EMS) or other appropriate professional medical help as soon as possible. Provide clear and concise information about the person’s condition, location, and any interventions performed.
Emergency level first aid requires quick thinking, prioritization, and appropriate interventions to stabilize life-threatening conditions. By following the principles of scene safety, CPR, bleeding control, airway management, shock management, and other critical interventions, individuals trained in emergency level first aid can provide crucial care until professional medical help arrives. Regular training, ongoing skill development, and maintaining up-to-date knowledge of best practices are essential to effectively respond to critical medical situations.
THE LAW AND FIRST AID
Can one be sued for providing First Aid? One of the biggest causes of people not helping when it is most needed is fear of being sued. There are two “legal” scenarios that First-Aiders can encounter. may provide first aid. First, you might provide first aid as part of your line of work, like as a lifeguard or first aid provider. Second, you can merely be a bystander who observes a dire situation and wants to assist. The harmed or unwell individual.
AS PART OF YOUR JOB, YOU PROVIDE FIRST AID
You are required by law to respond to a workplace emergency when doing First-Aid as part of your job. In accordance with your degree of training, you have an obligation to exercise reasonable skill and care. This may extend beyond First Aid. You might have received training in emergency vehicle operation or rescue. Make sure your certification is constantly current if you are a designated first responder at work. Get training that is above the bare minimum if you can. You’ll have more self-assurance and be a better first aid.
A PASSERBY RENDERING FIRST AID
You do not have a legal obligation to assist someone in need in Canada (except for Quebec) or the majority of the United States, and you are not responsible if you fail to assist someone who has been hurt. The Good Samaritan values are, nevertheless, acknowledged by our governments since they seek to inspire citizens to assist others. If you decide to assist someone in need, you are protected by these guidelines. You have a duty to use reasonable competence and care, commensurate with your degree of training, once you start helping.
Emergency Scene Control
Take control of the situation is the first thing a First-Aider does when they arrive at an emergency site.
Until you turn over command to someone with greater authority, you remain in charge of the situation. Do the following while in command.
A check of the airways
B a look for breathing
C Inspect the Circulation.
If you can, write down as much information as you can about the situation.
Keeping infections at bay when providing First Aid:
There is a potential that an infection will spread from one person to another when you do first aid because of the close touch of the casualty. When blood and other bodily fluids are involved, there is a higher chance of a serious infection because the viruses that cause AIDS, hepatitis B, and other diseases may be present. To reduce the danger of transmission when you are unsure whether someone is sick, you should always take what are known as universal precautions.
Common safety measures include:
Avoiding mouth-to-mouth contact while using artificial respiration, washing your hands, and wearing gloves are all recommended.
First Responders to Emergency:
Ambulance
Police Officers
Fire Fighters
Respond to their inquiries when they arrive on the site, identify yourself as a first responder, and inform them of the scene’s history and the casualty’s status.
As soon as you have handed the casualty over to first responders, finish your report.
Shock – Passing out and Fainting.
Shock is a phrase used to denote a loss or absence of efficient circulation. thereby leading to the collapse of the circulatory system to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to all body regions. Death will result from inadequate oxygen-rich blood reaching the important organs.
How Does a Shock Happen?
1.) Low blood volume caused by vomiting, diarrhea, or bleeding.
2.) A cardiac arrest
3.) Damage to the spinal cord.
4.) Serious burn
5.) Extreme perspiration and dehydration.
6.) Viruses or allergic responses
(7) Damage
Symptoms and Signs
1.Rapid breathing Pale, cold, and wet skin
2.weak and rapid heartbeat
3.Confused Excessive Thirst
4.sickness but no vomiting
5.Modification of consciousness
Management
Unconsciousness
It is a state of casualty in which an intentional reaction can be elicited despite the casualty being unconscious of their surroundings. For proper operation, the brain needs a steady supply of glucose and oxygenated blood. A break in this supply will result in unconsciousness in a matter of seconds and severe brain damage in a matter of minutes.
consciousness’s origins
FAINTING
A common cause of consciousness loss is fainting, which can happen when the victim’s heart rate is too sluggish to maintain adequate blood pressure for the brain.
Fainting typically results from one of three processes.
Symptoms and Signs
Care and Therapy
Usually, fainting goes away on its own. When the casualty falls, the blood flow to the brain returns to normal. Within a minute or two, the casualty normally regains consciousness. While fainting has no negative effects on the victim, falling to the ground can nevertheless cause harm.
Follow.
DRABCD.
Adult Chocking: Airway obstruction may be present in the aware or unconscious victim, and it may be partial or full.
Chocking can be brought on by eating too quickly, not chewing food thoroughly, or using dentures that are not properly fitted.
The airway of someone who is choking may be entirely or partially closed. A total blockage is a life-threatening medical emergency. If the person is unable to sufficiently breathe in and out, even a partial obstruction can quickly become life threatening. Without oxygen, brain damage can become permanent in as little as four minutes. Choking first aid administered quickly can save lives.
The universal distress signal for choking is grabbing the throat with one or both hands.
DO NOT perform first aid if the person is coughing forcefully and able to speak – a strong cough can dislodge the object on its own.
CONSCIOUS ADULT
The global signal for choking is made by someone who has both hands around their throat. Encourage the client to keep coughing if they can talk or cough. Once the sufferer is unable to speak or cough, you must unblock the airway. You must carry out the Heimlich maneuver, commonly known as abdominal thrusts, to open the blocked airway that causes choking. Wrap your arms around the adult who is choking while still conscious and stand behind him or her. Fissure your hand in one. Just above the bellybutton, press the victim’s abdomen with the thumb side of your fist. Make sure your hand is well below the breastbone’s tip Give the victim’s abdomen several fast upward thrusts while placing your other hand over the fist. Give thrusts to the victim until the obstruction in their airway is removed and they can breathe again, or until they pass out.
UNCONCIOUS ADULT
You must assume the victim’s airway is blocked if, during the primary survey, your breaths would not enter an unconscious adult, even after you tilted the head again and tried again.
You must lower the victim, who must be an adult who is cognizant and choking but has fallen unconscious, on the ground on his or her back. Try to open the victim’s airway by tilting their head back and lifting their chin. Then, try to remove the obstruction by wiping it out of their mouth with your finger. It’s known as a finger sweep. Always utilize a hooking motion, being mindful to prevent further entanglement of the object. Give two slow breaths while tilting your head back and lifting your chin. Try abdominal thrusts if your breaths are still not coming in.
straddle the victim’s thighs, either one or both. Place the heel of one hand just above the belly button and far below the point of the breastbone on the victim’s abdomen. Give five fast upward thrusts with your other hand while interlacing your fingers on top of the first. After that, brush your fingers and take two deep breaths.
Continue performing 5 abdominal thrusts, a finger sweep, and 2 calm breaths if air still won’t enter. Give thrusts until the victim gets air, the object is moved, or skilled medical assistance takes over. You must do rescue breathing if the victim is not breathing but still has a pulse. Go to CPR if the victim is not breathing and has no pulse.
Take Care and Manage
Intensive Bleeding
Large amounts of blood are lost with severe bleeding; this might happen externally through mouths or other natural holes.
A cut on the skin can also cause bleeding. Internal bleeding results from a blood vessel injury.
Treatment
Wear gloves, make the patient lie down, slightly raise the legs, and, if possible, keep the affected area elevated. Wash hands well before delivering to the patient.
Remove any apparent particles or dirt before applying direct pressure with a clean cloth or bandage.
ADULT CPR
CPR for adults
2.) Watch for movement or sounds from the subject. “Are you OK?” yell loudly.
3.) Call 911 If no one responds, shout for assistance and direct someone to dial 911. Lie the victim on his or her back.
4.) A- By cocking the head back and elevating the chin, widen the airway.
Keep an eye on your chest and feel your cheek for breath. Checking for breathing shouldn’t take more than 10 seconds.
6.) If the individual isn’t breathing
Tilt the head and elevate the chin to maintain the airway open.
As you inhale normally, close your lips around the other person’s mouth to create an airtight seal.
Take a regular breath for yourself after each of the two breaths you provide (one second for each breath).
Each time you breathe in, the patient’s chest should rise; if it doesn’t, the patient’s head should be adjusted. If you see something in the person’s mouth, delicately scoop it out with your finger if you can’t get air into them. If you can’t, the airway may be closed. Kneel next to their chest.
Put the heel of one hand between the nipples and the breastbone.
your other hand’s heel on top of the first hand.
Place your hands directly in front of your body. Your hands and shoulders should be in line. DO NOT slant forward or backward. You should be focusing your downward sight on your hands up close.
At a rate of 100 compressions per minute (nearly 2 per second), perform 30 chest compressions. Each time, press down into the chest between 1 1/2 and 2″. There shouldn’t be any pauses during these fast, severe compressions. Between compressions, let the chest to fully relax while maintaining the correct hand position on the chest. Once you’ve given the person 30 compressions, rapidly advance to the head. Tilt the head and elevate the chin to widen the airway. Take two breaths, each lasting about one second.
Give two rescue breaths after 30 compressions. Continue doing this until the individual begins to move, an automated external defibrillator (AED) shows up, you run out of energy to continue, or EMS or other carers show up to replace you.
Stop performing CPR if the patient speaks or moves.
If there are no indications of a head or neck injury, carefully move the patient onto his or her side. As you turn the person onto his or her side, support the head and neck. In the recovery position, extend his/her lower arm in front of them. If your head or neck shows any signs
References/Resources
Canadian red cross Emergency level first aid